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Source code for torch.autograd

"""
``torch.autograd`` provides classes and functions implementing automatic
differentiation of arbitrary scalar valued functions. It requires minimal
changes to the existing code - you only need to declare :class:`Tensor` s
for which gradients should be computed with the ``requires_grad=True`` keyword.
As of now, we only support autograd for floating point :class:`Tensor` types (
half, float, double and bfloat16) and complex :class:`Tensor` types (cfloat, cdouble).
"""
import torch
import warnings

from torch.types import _TensorOrTensors
from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union

from .variable import Variable
from .function import Function, NestedIOFunction
from .gradcheck import gradcheck, gradgradcheck
from .grad_mode import no_grad, enable_grad, set_grad_enabled
from .anomaly_mode import detect_anomaly, set_detect_anomaly
from ..overrides import has_torch_function, handle_torch_function
from . import functional
from . import forward_ad

__all__ = ['Variable', 'Function', 'backward', 'grad_mode']

_OptionalTensor = Optional[torch.Tensor]

def _make_grads(outputs: Sequence[torch.Tensor], grads: Sequence[_OptionalTensor]) -> Tuple[_OptionalTensor, ...]:
    new_grads: List[_OptionalTensor] = []
    for out, grad in zip(outputs, grads):
        if isinstance(grad, torch.Tensor):
            if not out.shape == grad.shape:
                raise RuntimeError("Mismatch in shape: grad_output["
                                   + str(grads.index(grad)) + "] has a shape of "
                                   + str(grad.shape) + " and output["
                                   + str(outputs.index(out)) + "] has a shape of "
                                   + str(out.shape) + ".")
            if out.dtype.is_complex != grad.dtype.is_complex:
                raise RuntimeError("For complex Tensors, both grad_output and output"
                                   " are required to have the same dtype."
                                   " Mismatch in dtype: grad_output["
                                   + str(grads.index(grad)) + "] has a dtype of "
                                   + str(grad.dtype) + " and output["
                                   + str(outputs.index(out)) + "] has a dtype of "
                                   + str(out.dtype) + ".")
            new_grads.append(grad)
        elif grad is None:
            if out.requires_grad:
                if out.numel() != 1:
                    raise RuntimeError("grad can be implicitly created only for scalar outputs")
                new_grads.append(torch.ones_like(out, memory_format=torch.preserve_format))
            else:
                new_grads.append(None)
        else:
            raise TypeError("gradients can be either Tensors or None, but got " +
                            type(grad).__name__)
    return tuple(new_grads)


def _tensor_or_tensors_to_tuple(tensors: Optional[_TensorOrTensors], length: int) -> Tuple[_OptionalTensor, ...]:
    if tensors is None:
        return (None, ) * length
    if isinstance(tensors, torch.Tensor):
        return (tensors, )
    return tuple(tensors)


[docs]def backward( tensors: _TensorOrTensors, grad_tensors: Optional[_TensorOrTensors] = None, retain_graph: Optional[bool] = None, create_graph: bool = False, grad_variables: Optional[_TensorOrTensors] = None, inputs: Optional[Sequence[torch.Tensor]] = None, ) -> None: r"""Computes the sum of gradients of given tensors w.r.t. graph leaves. The graph is differentiated using the chain rule. If any of ``tensors`` are non-scalar (i.e. their data has more than one element) and require gradient, then the Jacobian-vector product would be computed, in this case the function additionally requires specifying ``grad_tensors``. It should be a sequence of matching length, that contains the "vector" in the Jacobian-vector product, usually the gradient of the differentiated function w.r.t. corresponding tensors (``None`` is an acceptable value for all tensors that don't need gradient tensors). This function accumulates gradients in the leaves - you might need to zero ``.grad`` attributes or set them to ``None`` before calling it. See :ref:`Default gradient layouts<default-grad-layouts>` for details on the memory layout of accumulated gradients. .. note:: Using this method with ``create_graph=True`` will create a reference cycle between the parameter and its gradient which can cause a memory leak. We recommend using ``autograd.grad`` when creating the graph to avoid this. If you have to use this function, make sure to reset the ``.grad`` fields of your parameters to ``None`` after use to break the cycle and avoid the leak. .. note:: If you run any forward ops, create ``grad_tensors``, and/or call ``backward`` in a user-specified CUDA stream context, see :ref:`Stream semantics of backward passes<bwd-cuda-stream-semantics>`. Args: tensors (sequence of Tensor): Tensors of which the derivative will be computed. grad_tensors (sequence of (Tensor or None)): The "vector" in the Jacobian-vector product, usually gradients w.r.t. each element of corresponding tensors. None values can be specified for scalar Tensors or ones that don't require grad. If a None value would be acceptable for all grad_tensors, then this argument is optional. retain_graph (bool, optional): If ``False``, the graph used to compute the grad will be freed. Note that in nearly all cases setting this option to ``True`` is not needed and often can be worked around in a much more efficient way. Defaults to the value of ``create_graph``. create_graph (bool, optional): If ``True``, graph of the derivative will be constructed, allowing to compute higher order derivative products. Defaults to ``False``. inputs (sequence of Tensor): Inputs w.r.t. which the gradient will be accumulated into ``.grad``. All other Tensors will be ignored. If not provided, the gradient is accumulated into all the leaf Tensors that were used to compute the attr::tensors. All the provided inputs must be leaf Tensors. """ if grad_variables is not None: warnings.warn("'grad_variables' is deprecated. Use 'grad_tensors' instead.") if grad_tensors is None: grad_tensors = grad_variables else: raise RuntimeError("'grad_tensors' and 'grad_variables' (deprecated) " "arguments both passed to backward(). Please only " "use 'grad_tensors'.") if inputs is not None and len(inputs) == 0: raise RuntimeError("'inputs' argument to backward() cannot be empty.") tensors = (tensors,) if isinstance(tensors, torch.Tensor) else tuple(tensors) inputs = tuple(inputs) if inputs is not None else tuple() grad_tensors_ = _tensor_or_tensors_to_tuple(grad_tensors, len(tensors)) grad_tensors_ = _make_grads(tensors, grad_tensors_) if retain_graph is None: retain_graph = create_graph Variable._execution_engine.run_backward( tensors, grad_tensors_, retain_graph, create_graph, inputs, allow_unreachable=True, accumulate_grad=True) # allow_unreachable flag
[docs]def grad( outputs: _TensorOrTensors, inputs: _TensorOrTensors, grad_outputs: Optional[_TensorOrTensors] = None, retain_graph: Optional[bool] = None, create_graph: bool = False, only_inputs: bool = True, allow_unused: bool = False ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, ...]: r"""Computes and returns the sum of gradients of outputs w.r.t. the inputs. ``grad_outputs`` should be a sequence of length matching ``output`` containing the "vector" in Jacobian-vector product, usually the pre-computed gradients w.r.t. each of the outputs. If an output doesn't require_grad, then the gradient can be ``None``). If ``only_inputs`` is ``True``, the function will only return a list of gradients w.r.t the specified inputs. If it's ``False``, then gradient w.r.t. all remaining leaves will still be computed, and will be accumulated into their ``.grad`` attribute. .. note:: If you run any forward ops, create ``grad_outputs``, and/or call ``grad`` in a user-specified CUDA stream context, see :ref:`Stream semantics of backward passes<bwd-cuda-stream-semantics>`. Args: outputs (sequence of Tensor): outputs of the differentiated function. inputs (sequence of Tensor): Inputs w.r.t. which the gradient will be returned (and not accumulated into ``.grad``). grad_outputs (sequence of Tensor): The "vector" in the Jacobian-vector product. Usually gradients w.r.t. each output. None values can be specified for scalar Tensors or ones that don't require grad. If a None value would be acceptable for all grad_tensors, then this argument is optional. Default: None. retain_graph (bool, optional): If ``False``, the graph used to compute the grad will be freed. Note that in nearly all cases setting this option to ``True`` is not needed and often can be worked around in a much more efficient way. Defaults to the value of ``create_graph``. create_graph (bool, optional): If ``True``, graph of the derivative will be constructed, allowing to compute higher order derivative products. Default: ``False``. allow_unused (bool, optional): If ``False``, specifying inputs that were not used when computing outputs (and therefore their grad is always zero) is an error. Defaults to ``False``. """ outputs = (outputs,) if isinstance(outputs, torch.Tensor) else tuple(outputs) inputs = (inputs,) if isinstance(inputs, torch.Tensor) else tuple(inputs) overridable_args = outputs + inputs if has_torch_function(overridable_args): return handle_torch_function( grad, overridable_args, outputs, inputs, grad_outputs=grad_outputs, retain_graph=retain_graph, create_graph=create_graph, only_inputs=only_inputs, allow_unused=allow_unused, ) if not only_inputs: warnings.warn("only_inputs argument is deprecated and is ignored now " "(defaults to True). To accumulate gradient for other " "parts of the graph, please use torch.autograd.backward.") grad_outputs_ = _tensor_or_tensors_to_tuple(grad_outputs, len(outputs)) grad_outputs_ = _make_grads(outputs, grad_outputs_) if retain_graph is None: retain_graph = create_graph return Variable._execution_engine.run_backward( outputs, grad_outputs_, retain_graph, create_graph, inputs, allow_unused, accumulate_grad=False)
# This function applies in case of gradient checkpointing for memory # optimization. Currently, for gradient checkpointing, we only support imperative # backwards call i.e. torch.autograd.backward() and the torch.autograd.grad() won't # work. The reason being that: torch.autograd.grad() only calculates the grads # for the inputs that are passed by user but it doesn't calculate grad for # anything else e.g. model parameters like weights, bias etc. However, for # torch.autograd.backward(), we would actually compute the grad for the weights as well. # # This function returns whether the checkpointing is valid i.e. torch.autograd.backward # or not i.e. torch.autograd.grad. The implementation works by maintaining a thread # local variable in torch/csrc/autograd/engine.cpp which looks at the NodeTask # in the stack and before a NodeTask is executed in evaluate_function, it # checks for whether reentrant backwards is imperative or not. # See https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/pull/4594 for more discussion/context def _is_checkpoint_valid(): return Variable._execution_engine.is_checkpoint_valid() def variable(*args, **kwargs): warnings.warn("torch.autograd.variable(...) is deprecated, use torch.tensor(...) instead") return torch.tensor(*args, **kwargs) if not torch._C._autograd_init(): raise RuntimeError("autograd initialization failed") # Import all native method/classes from torch._C._autograd import (DeviceType, ProfilerActivity, ProfilerState, ProfilerConfig, ProfilerEvent, _enable_profiler_legacy, _disable_profiler_legacy, _profiler_enabled, _enable_record_function, _set_empty_test_observer, kineto_available) if kineto_available(): from torch._C._autograd import (ProfilerResult, KinetoEvent, _prepare_profiler, _enable_profiler, _disable_profiler) from . import profiler

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